Aquians of law

hellow friend today we will read  about the aquians of law system.

Aquinas on Law: According to Aquinas, there are four kinds of laws. They are.

1. Eternal Law
2. Natural Law
3. Divine Law and
4. Human Law.

Eternal Law is the Mind of God. It is the reason existing in the mind of
God. The whole universe is governed according to it. Eternal Law regulates the
heavenly and earthly spheres. It controls animate90 and inanimate91 worlds.
Natural Law is the reflection of the divine law in the world. It is reflected
in human beings. Because of Natural Law, men want to live in a society with others.
Divine Law consists of direct revelation by God through saints92 or
through Bible. Human law is made from Natural Law. It is made according to
Natural Law. It is subordinate to Natural Law.
Human Law is not in conflict with Natural Law. Human Law is based on
human reason. It made for the common good. Human Law is published for the knowledge all people.
Concept of Monarchy: According to Thomas Aquinas, Monarchy is the
best form of government. Only monarchy could promote unity. It is natural that
the superior must rule over the inferior. It is also good for the inferior to be ruled
by the superior. This is the reason why Aquinas supported slavery to some
extent. The ultimate function of Monarch is bringing virtuous life and happiness
to the people. It is his duty to provide the people with peace and order and all
material well being for the attainment of a happy life. The Monarch is under the
supreme guidance of the natural law. In case of a conflict between the Monarch
and Papacy, it should be the later which must win.
Concept of Slavery: Aquinas supported slavery on the ground that the
superior must rule over the inferior. But there is a fundamental difference
between Aristotle and Aquinas in the case of support for slavery. Aquinas
supported slavery on certain religious grounds also. According to him, it is a
remedy to wash off sins. By saying so, Aquinas took a careful position not to
disturb the then social set up.
So this is all about the Aquians of law and thanks for reading.

About the political writer st. thomas aquinas

Hellow friend today we will read about the political writer st. thomas aquinas.

Thomas Aquinas was born in Sicily in a noble family.
He was attracted to the Dominican order of priests of the
Catholic Church. He lived during a time when the church
developed into a large spiritual organisation. Feudalism
almost started to decline and nationalism started to develop.
Aristotelianism, Scholasticism and nationalism were the key
features of the times. The church needed someone who will
amalgamate the teachings of the church with the rising
nationalism and intellectual endeavor. Thomas Aquinas did
exactly that. He was able to provide a sensible combination of the various
aspirations of the people of his times without compromising their positions. He
was influenced not only by Christian teaching, but also by Aristotle, stoics and
Cicero. “Summa Theologica” was his famous work.

The methods followed by Thomas Aquinas was very similar to that of Greek
thinkers. He posed a basic question and explained it. Presented it with various
options and described the problems with each answer. The solution was always
based on the Christian philosophy and values. Finally, he would reach at his own conclusion to the problems.
St. Thomas Aquinas is known for his Theory of Law and Justice. He was
the greatest European philosopher of the middle ages. He was a great leader of
the Church also. He was a declared Saint.79 He was born in noble family in
Sicily. Thomas Aquinas was very close to Kings and Popes. Thus he was very
close to both spiritual authority as well as secular authority. During his times,
the Pope had power over spiritual aspects as well as administration of the country.
The Political Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas was a combination of 1.
Scholasticism80 2. Philosophy of Aristotle and 3. Universalism. Scholasticism is
the intellectual tradition of 13th century Europe. It had two characteristics.
Firstly, it held that the Church is infallible81 and unquestionable82. Secondly, it
tried to combine Faith83 and Reason84. It wanted to combine both Theology85 and
Science. According to Scholasticism, all branches of Science must be in tune with
Theology. The Roman Empire must be ruled according to the wishes of the Pope.
If there is a conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and Pope, the Pope should
win. Universalism is the Christian concept that all human souls will be saved.

Salvation86 is for all. All the three streams of Scholasticism, Aristotelianism and
Universalism converged in Aquinas. Therefore, Aquinas is called Christianized Aristotle or Sainted Aristotle of the middle ages.
So this is all about the  political  writer st. thomas aquinas and thanks for reading.

A scene at a railway station

A few days ago we went to vaishno devi during last summer vacation. We went to jammu by train. My father had already booked seats in the jhelum express.
So we reached the railway station in time. There was a great rush platforms were over flowing with people because of the vacation. Men women boys and girls all were moving about. There were book stalls. Some were looking at the magazines to while away the time some coolies were carrying luggage. More and more people were pouring in.
There were some stalls of eatables. Some people were drinking tea or cold drinks. Some were just sitting on their luggage or on benches. Some railwayemployees in white uniform were also moving about.
The train came to the platform. We located our copartment. We took our seats. And it was very good day that i celebrated. 
So this is all about my train day and thanks for reading.

About the political thinker cicero

Hellow friend today we will read about the political thinker cicero.

Introduction.
Cicero was a lawyer, statesman40 and orator41. He was one
of the outstanding Roman political philosophers. He was not an
original political thinker. However, his concepts were accepted
widely. He interpreted the Greek philosophy in a new way. He
was instrumental in spreading Stoic ideas of Universal
brotherhood. His style of writing was very good. That made him
very famous. He studied Philosophy in Athens. Athens was the
best place to learn Philosophy. Cicero studied Law in Rome.Rome was the best place to learn Law. Cicero studied Plato and Aristotle also. His
Latin books were very famous. ‘De Republica’ and ‘The Laws’ were his famous
works. Interestingly, these titles were borrowed from Plato.

Cicero lived a 100 years after Polybius. The political situations in Rome
were not good. Chaos and confusions prevailed in Rome. The system of Checks
and balances were not working properly. There were civil wars in the state.
Dictatorships were coming up. Julius Caesar was an example. Imperialism was
growing. Polybius was not in favor of the changes. He was a supporter of the old
system. He thought that old institutions should be preserved.
Influence on Cicero= The greatest influence on Cicero was Polybius. He
supported the concept of mixed form of constitution. Cicero also classified
governments into normal and perverted forms. He classified Monarchy,
Aristocracy and Democracy as normal forms. Tyranny, Oligarchy and military
forms were the perverted forms. According to him, a mixed form is the best form
of government. According to Cicero, only the mixed form of government can check
abuse of power. It only can check the tendency of degeneration.
Cicero was influenced by Plato’s Republic also. He was very much
influenced by the concept of Justice. The stoic ideas of law of nature also
influenced him. He tried to spread the stoic ideas of universal brotherhood and
world citizenship. His ideal view was of a world city and a Roman Empire. He
believed in the natural equality of man and the natural law. His emphasis on
the Stoic idea of natural law was well received. The universal law of nature binds
all men together. This natural law exists in all people of all the world. This is the
fundamental principle of world-citizenship. There is a fundamental equality
between man and man. All men are created by God as equals. Cicero on State: According to Cicero, the state is a product of natural
instinct of men. State is not the result of force. It is not the result of fear also.
But it came into being because of the mutual interest of the people. Objective of
the state is the welfare of the people. People obey laws because it is for their
good. It is not forced upon them. It is a kind of partnership on law. It is not an
artificial association. The following is a summary of Cicero’s ideas about the State:-
1. The individual is prior to the State. The state is not prior to the individual.
The ultimate objective of Cicero was to elevate the individual above the
State. While doing so, he emphasized that the State consists of the
individuals. The state is formed by individuals. If the State was to be
formed by the individuals, the individual should be prior to the State.
2. Society is prior to the State. Society and State are different from each other
and they are different entities. By saying so, Cicero was emphasizing the
legal personality of the State. When individuals come together for a
common life, it is only the society. It does not constitute the State. But
certain changes necessitated the formation of the State. Legally, the state is
different from the society and the individual. Therefore, The state acquires
a legal personality not available to the society.

3. Authority of state does not rely on a particular individual or a group of
individuals. It relies on the people as a whole. The people are the source of
law and authority. Cicero wanted to give emphasis on the essential equality
of men. He also wanted to negate the superiority of certain classes of
people in the State. Therefore, it was very essential to state that the
authority of the state does not rely on a particular class of people in the
State. It has to rely on the people as a whole.
4. All individuals are equal. From a very practical point of view, Cicero wanted
to strengthen the Roman state system. He wanted to protect the
cosmopolitan nature of the Roman state. Therefore, it was very essential to
adhere to a stand point that men are equal and no race or class is superior
than the other.

Commonwealth: This is a great idea by Cicero. According to Cicero,
Commonwealth consists of the entire mankind. Human race is not a race of
isolated43 individuals. It consists of human beings who are social animals.
Society is natural44 to him. The State is also natural to him. It is rational45. It is
based on reason. Reason binds men together. Law keeps them together. It is the
law based on natural law. It provides him mutual aid46 and just government47.
It is good and desirable. The people are the authority of the state. Power vests
with the people. Power does not belong to the Monarch or an elite group of
people. The power of the people is exercised on the basis of natural law.
Therefore, State is a moral48 institution
Law: According to Cicero, law is supreme. It is essential to a household, a
city, a nation, the human race, the physical nature and the universe. According
to Cicero, Law is supreme Reason. Reason is common to both God and Man. So
law has a divine49 connection. The entire universe is regulated by the power of God. Man is part of the
Universe. He is created by God. Man is the only creature with the power of
reason. He is the only creature50 with the power of thought. Law is the
expression of supreme reason or God. Law is the eternal51 principle, which
governs the universe. Law makes people to do what is right. Law prevents him
from doing what is wrong. Law is divine. Law is the mind of God. Justice means
submission to Law. Justice means submission to the will of God. Law govern the
magistrates who governs the people.
Estimate of Cicero

Cicero’s ideas became very famous because it’s revolutionary ideas. It
contained the following basic ideas: 1. That the people are the ultimate authority
of the state. The power of the state rests with the people. 2. That the power of
the state could be exercised only in accordance with law. 3. Law of the State
should be based on natural law.

Cicero was profoundly influenced by the current politics of his times. It was
a time of constant war among the elite. Therefore, Cicero was particularly
interested in the traditional constitutional element which had given Rome a
stable government and a peaceful society.
So this is all about the cicero. and thanks for reading

What is the asian hindu political thought

Hellow friend today we will read about the asian indian political thought.

Introduction

Ancient Indian Political thought is part and parcel of the ancient Indian

Philosophy52. Indian philosophy means the philosophy which originated in the

Indian sub-continent. A central principle of Indian Philosophy is the concept of

‘dharma’. The rules and regulation of Dharma is contained in the

‘Dharmasaastras’. Dharma means the right duty of a person. It means virtuous

path53. It means the "higher truth"54. It is the moral law or natural law. It is the

natural order of things. It is the cosmic55 order. It is the social order. It is the

ethical56 behaviour. Dharma means the duty and responsibility of the individual

and the society. Dharma means service to the community also. Dharma means

self expression also. People must live according to Dharma. It must govern the

life of the individual and the society. It means that each human being has a

purpose of life. Each person has a duty in life. He must perform his duties. This

is the only method of purification of his soul57. By this way he will get ‘nirvana’

or ‘moksha’. Besides Hinduism, Budhism and Jainism also believed in the

concept of Dharma.

There are different types of Dharma also. They are as follows: 1. Vyakti

dharma (the dharma of an individual). 2. Parivarika dharma (family dharma)

(also called kutumba dharma). 3. Samaja dharma (dharma of society), 4.

Rashtra dharma (national dharma). 5. Manava dharma (the dharma of mankind).

6.Varna dharma (professional dharma or dharma of each caste). 7. Apad dharma

(special dharma for exceptional/abnormal situations). 8. Yuga dharma (dharma

for an age). 9. Ashrama dharma (dharma for stage of life).

Following Dharma in life is Justice. Not following Dharma is injustice. It

is the duty of an individual to maintain dharma in his life. It is the duty of the

head of family to maintain dharma in his family. It is the duty of the ruler to

maintain Dharma in his country. There shall be rules and regulations for the

individual, the family, the society and the country to maintain dharma.Maintaining Dharma means justice.

So thanks for reading.

What is the sapthanga theory

The Saptanga Theory of Kautilya, is given in his book, 'Arthasastra'.
According to the theory, the State consists of seven elements. They were as
follows: The King, the Minister, the Country, the fortified City, the Treasury, the
Army and the Ally.
The ‘King’ means constitution and proper administration. The ‘Minister’
means proper scientific advice. The ‘Country’ means the Population and its
Sovereignty. The ‘fortified City’ means territory. The ‘treasury’ means finance and
economy. The ‘army’ means protection and defence. ‘Ally’ means good friendly
countries and foreign relations.

Estimate of Kautilya: Kautilya was one who even defeated Alexander the

Great. His statecraft was perfect and fool proof. It was based on philosophy as

well as practical wisdom. When compared with the contemporary political

thinkers elsewhere in the world, Kautilya was way ahead of all of them in almost

all aspects of state craft. He was realistic, systematic and practical. He was able

to convert idealism into practical realms with a touch of realism. For Kautilya, it

was not just philosophy to create an utopian state. For him it was the question of

running a great empire. That made him all the more different from contemporary

political thinkers or those who were to follow him for centuries. Kautilya was

also able to blend the ancient religious traditions also into the art of government

while keeping the subtle difference from affecting the secular environment of

state craft. On any account, it can be stated that a meaningful appreciation of

Kautilya as a political thinker will definitely place him at the zenith of the art

and science of political thinking.

In spite of the superiority of Kautilya’s philosophy and practice, his system

of administration did not last for more than two centuries. May be because, the

later kings could not practice the system properly. It could be also because of the

fact that a system based on the concept of Dharma deteriorated because the later

kings were not able to preserve dharma. There could have been quite a number of

internal conflicts also like the transformation of varna system into caste system

based on exploitation.

Thanks for reading.

Contribution of kautilya

Hellow friend today we will know contribution of kautilya
Kautilya is also known as Chanakya or Vishnu Guptha. He
was the teacher of Economics and Political Science at the
ancient Thakshashila University. He was the Prime Minister of
first Maurya Emperor Chandra Guptha Maurya. He lived
during 350-275 BC. He was born in the ‘Kutil’ gotra. His
fathers name was Chankya and he was born at a place called
Chankya. Therefore, he came to be known as Chanakya. He
was educated in Thakshasila University and became a
Professor of Political Economy. He studied architecture and
medicine also. He became the Prime Minister to the Mauryan Emperor
Chandraguptha Maurya. He saw the defeat of some parts of India by Alexander
the Great. He realised that it is because of the Republican system that existed in
the sub continent. Therefore, he was of the opinion that a centralised power is
very much essential for the survival of a large state.

Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’58 is a great book on Political Science and
Economics. The term ‘arthasastra’ can be translated as "science of political
economy". It contains the ancient Indian Political thought. It explains the Hindu
concept of Law and Justice. It also contains the Hindu ideas of Kingship and the
State. It deals with mode of autocracy59, framework of administration, and
economies and welfare of the people. The Mahabharatha refers to many
Arthasaasatras. But the oldest Arthasaasatra was discovered in Mysore in 1909
by Prof. Shamasaastry. According to popular conviction, it is believed to have
written by Chanakya. In the opening lines of Arthasastra, Kautilya (Book 1, Ch.
1) notes that " this Arthasastra is made as a compendium of almost all the
Arthasastra, which, in view of acquisition and maintenance of earth, have been
composed by ancient teachers.

Kautilya says that the science of politics is supreme. For him it is the
supreme art also. However, he did not say that the science of politics is the only
science. He wanted to keep the science of political economy more secular and
devoid of any religious influence. Nevertheless, it is influenced by the current
philosophy and religious edicts. Arthasaastra is divided into sixteen books
concerning almost all aspects of government of a state. It deals with law,
economics, military, taxation, diplomacy etc. According to Arthasaastra, the
foundation of good governance is nothing but knowledge which can be classified
into four namely Anvikasi or philosophy, Trayi or three vedas, the four classes or
varnas and the four orders or ashrams. The text of Arthasaastra has 32 divisions,
15 books or parts and 150 chapters. Book I is concerned with kingship. Book II
is concerned with civil administration. Books III and IV deal with civil criminal
and personal law. Book V deal with the duties and responsibilities of the
courtiers. Book VI deals with the nature and functions of the seven elements of
the state. The last books are concerned with the problems connected with foreign
policy, warfare etc.

Arthasaastra does not give a clear picture of various department of the
state. However, goldsmith, storehouse, commerce, forest, wights and measues,
tolls weaving, agriculture, pasturelands, cows, slaughter houses, ships, passport
and liquor are the various departments.

Arthasaastra is a detailed work on the administration of Hindu polity. It
deals with ancient philosophy, set of laws(canon), economics and polity
(dandaniti). Strict administration or ‘danda’is the fundamental principle of the
state. It deals with the practical issues of administration. In fact, it is a
compendium of the existing Indian knowledge on the state craft. Chanakya put
them into words in a systematic manner.

According to Arthasaastra, the King is the embodiment of all the virtues.
He is the protector of Dharma. He derived his power from mainly three sources
namely Prabhushakthi (power of treasury and the army), Mantrashakthi (advice
of ministers), and Utsaahashakthi (Power of motivation). In the performance of
his duties, the king is helped by the Council of Ministers or Mantri Parishad.
Interestingly, the council of ministes had a cabinet consisting of the king, the
Chief Minister, the Chief Priest and the Commander of Armed Forces. It included the Crown Prince also.
Arthasastra contains many geo-political ideas regarding the territory of the
state. According to Kautilya, the following are the qualities of a territory of
janapada:-
(1) It should have enough space for the construction of forts. (2) It
should have enough provisions for those inside and those who come from
outside. (3) It should have enough defense (4) It should hate the enemy (5) It
should not have no hostile association of people (6) It should have agricultural
lands, mines and forests (7) It should not depend upon rain for water supply (8)
The people should be faithful and pure at heart.
Kautilya proposed a very systematic scheme for town planning also. He
said the there are four different types of forts that could be build along the four
sides of a city. In the midst of villages, there shall be a town. It will act as a
centre of administration in including tax collection. It will also act as a centre of
economy. It must have all civil amenities like roads, bridges and sewages. The
capital city is of utmost importance. It must be a planned city. The centre point
of the city should be the palace of the king. There shall be separate areas for
business, residences, trade administration entertainment etc. The sourced of
revenue of the country also is important. There shall be constant supply of
finance to the king. He must be diligent and imaginative in his methods. He must
reward rich contributors. He must take more from the wicked and spare the
righteous. He must plant pseudo contributors among the people and make them
contribute large sums so that those who contribute less will be ashamed. During
the times of any financial emergency, the king should not hesitate to take the
help of people and receive contributions. He can also resort to increase in the
taxes from traders, merchants etc.

Foreign policy is another important aspect of the state policy of Kautilya.
According to him, the state system has mainly three aspects: classes of aliens
and enemies, powers and successes. The powers are as follows: power of advice,
power of his material resources, and power of his energy. The successes are
achieved by means of his powers. The basis of foreign policy is the denial of his
power and successes to his enemies. The fundamental of foreign policy is pure
expediency. It should be purely based on practical aspects and not principles. If
progress can be achieved by means of peace or by war, the king must resort to
peaceful means. War involves suffering in the hands of the enemy in the enemy
land. If it is a question of choice between war and neutrality, the latter is the best
choice. In case if the enemy is strong, it is vice to make peace. It is also good to
make peace with an enemy who is equal to him to avoid destruction, calamities,
and miseries. In case if the enemy is weak, war can be avoided in case of
complete submission of the enemy.

As far as the policy on religion and ethics is concerned, Kautilya is a mix of
theological and brahminical traditions. Kautilya placed high importance to the
caste system and the duties of each caste in the state. He was for special
provisions for Brahmins in the form of tax free lands and forest resorts for the
brahmins for meditation and yagas. He accepted the disabilities of the sudras.
According to Kautilya, religious faith of the people can be used for the protection
of the state. Spies can take the form of hermits, sages and priests. The priests of
temples can even make use of the superstition of the people to make them
contribute to raise finance for the state in times of emergencies. Religious
occasions can be used to move against the enemy, if necessary.

Kautilya supported varna system. He was of the opinion that there should
be different sets of people who perform different types of duties. Each class of
people have their own rights and duties. By ensuring this, the King ensures
happiness in the country. The Brahmin must engage in intellectual pursuit and
spiritual matters. The Kshatriya is involved in the protection of the land. The
Vaishya is involved in trade. The job of the Sudra is the service of all the people.
Kautilya also proposes certain stages for the life of a person. They are called
Kautilya’s theory of Law and Justice is such that the legal issues should
be settled according to the canon of the land. In the event of a conflict between
canon and reason, it is the reason which must prevail. The King is not above law.
The king is subject to the civil and criminal laws. According to the system of
justice, there shall criminal courts as well as civil courts. Canon, contract custom
and royal decrees were the four sources of law.According to Kautilya, there is a concept called Matsyanyaya. It means that,
in the absence of a ruler, the strong person will destroy the weak; but under
the protection of the ruler, the weak resist the strong. In ‘Arthasaastra, there is a
concept called rájatva also. It means Sovereignty of a country.

There shall be protection for the forests and wild life. The forests and wild life
should be protected by guards. Protector of animals shall also protect citizens
from animals. There shall be separate forests for timber72, and raring lion and
tiger for skins. Elephants are important for the army.

Practically, King is the head of the Kautilya’s state. He appoints the heads of
administration. When the king is good, the country is benefitted. When the king
is bad, the country suffers. According to Kautilya, a new king is better than a
diseased king. Rule by a father and son or two brothers is not good. It is worse
than the rule of a conqueror. Kautilya proposed many methods to deal with a
situation arising out of the death of a king. The minister must ensure peaceful
succession. He must be able to make use of all sorts of diplomacy. He can even
go out of legal means to ensure peaceful taking over of power. The minister must
also be able to predict any sort of untoward event in case of the death of a king.
He must take all precautionary measures to prevent such an eventuality.
Security and stability of the country is of utmost importance. Kautilya suggested many systematic methods to maintain peace and stability.

According to Kautilya, the king should be educated. His education must
continue after the age of 16 when he shaves off his head. He must be good in all
sciences. On reaching the proper age, the king must start his studies under able
teachers. The king should be disciplined also. Atma Vrata or self control is of
utmost importance for the King. Top acquire this, the king should abandon the
six enemies in him namely kama (lust), Krodha (anger) Lobha (greed), maana
(vanity), mada (haughtiness) and harsha (overjoy).

Kautilya emphasized the 'Doctrine of Trivarga' (three goals). According to him "
Every man was required to strive to satisfy his spiritual needs by fulfilling his
religious and moral duties (Dharma); his material needs by acquiring the
necessities of life, property, wealth and power (Artha); his instinctive desires by
following the dictates of love (Kama). In later times, Moksha (deliverance from the
cycle of death - rebirth) was added as a fourth and highest aim of life "
A king shall never select a indiscipline prince as crown-prince. According to
Kautilya, there are two types of disciplines. One is natural and the other one is
acquired. The king must acquire the second kind of discipline. With the help of
the knowledge of science, he must ensure self control. All the six personal vices or ‘enemies’ should be under control. If he does not control his sense organs, it is
not good for the state. Upon becoming the king, he must learn the meaning of
arthasaastra from his ministers through examples and lessons from history.
However, the king must control revenue and army directly.

Kautilya presented a list of the qualifications of the king. They are classified
into four. They are: qualities of an inviting nature, qualities of intellect, qualities
of the will, and the qualities of a real king.
The officials (amatyas) is very important in the administration of government
(rajatva). A rath or chariot cannot move with only a single wheel. Therefore, the
king must appoint able ministers (sachiva). He must listen to the advice of the
ministers. There is a long procedure for the selection and appointment of
amatyas. The king must constantly observe the administrators. Virtue, wealth,
desire and fear are the four factors for the selection of amatyas. All the
administrative functions of the janapada is looked after by the amatya. It involves
protection from the enemies, protecting from natural calamities, improvement of
waste land for use, collection of taxes and fines etc.

According to Kautilya, when the king is alert, his servants become alert. When
the king is lazy, his servants becomes lazy. It will lead to his inefficiency and the
enemies will overpower him. The king must act like a father to his people. The
king must take care of destitute, children, women and the elderly. He must also
ensure that the slaves will perform his duties with his masters. No one can go for
the monastery life without providing for his wife and children.

When the king is powerful, he is also like a servant of the state. It is the duty
of the king to maintain the state. The king is like a constitutional slave of the
state. If required, he is supposed to give up even his family for the sake of the
state. This is the ideal of Ramayana. That means, the king cannot always follow
his personal likes and dislikes. The people of the kingdom should be loyal to the
king. It is the duty of the king to ensure that there is enough propaganda to
ensure the loyalty of the people. The king must be able to control any dissent
against the king. One important assumption of Kautilya is that masses are
moved by passion and not reason. They are moved by slogans and popular words
and phrases than reasoned convictions. The king must be able to make use of
this situation.

According to Kautilya, it is the duty of the king to maintain law and order.
Danda is important in maintaining law and order. Danda maintains the canon.
Danda maintains philosophy and knowledge. Danda maintains the economy also.
In his administration of justice, the principle of ‘matsyanyaya’ works. It means
that in the absence of rule, the strong will destroy the weak. In the event of theft,
the stolen property should be restored to the owner. It should be made even from
is treasury. If the king happens to punish an innocent man, the king must offer 30 times of the fine to God.
Kautilya proposes detailed methods of acquisition and preservation of a
country. He proposed five methods towards acquisition. The first method is to
create disaffection among the friends of the enemy. The second method is to get
rid of the enemy through secret operations. The third method is to set up spies
against the enemy kingdom. Another method is to seize the enemy territory. The
final method is to attack the enemy territory straight. To create disaffection
among the friends of the king, they must be secretly approached. They must be
presented with all critical views on the administration. They must be told about
the virtues they might acquire if there is a change. To get rid of the enemy, all
types of methods can be used. The assassins can even pose as horse traders and
take the opportunity to kill the enemy. The kingdom must give refuge to
dissatisfied officers so that the information from them can be freely used against
the enemy. The enemy can also be destroyed by blocking the sources of supply of
provision like food and water. The enemy can also be attacked and killed when he
is in a position of disadvantage.

Preservation of a dominion is as important as acquiring a dominion. If a
dominion cannot be preserved, there is no point in acquiring the dominion.
Therefore, Kautilya proposed many methods to preserve a dominion. Security of
the king is the most important. There shall be personal security for the king. He
must be guarded from his very birth. All his subordinates should be under
constant watch. There shall be spies to collect information about any move
against the king. Even minor issues should not be left unattended. There shall be
spies to keep an eye over eighteen different classes of officials close to him. At the
same time, the officials should be guarded against move from enemies also. The
king must be aware of disaffection against the enemy. There may be four reasons
for disaffection. Anger, fear, greed and pride can cause disaffection. With the help
of spies, the king must be able to win over the enemies of the enemy. The king
must be able to find out the reason for the discontentment. It will help him to win over them against the enemy.
So this is all about the theory of kautilya.

The State in Ancient India

What is the state in ancient India.
Today our lesson on the state in ancient india.


The ancient Indian political thinking considered state as a necessary
institution for the protection of human life as well as for the achievement of
higher ideals. The following were the major functions of the State as according to
ancient Indian political thought:

1. Law enforcement: As a civilized entity, the ancient Indian state recognised
the need and effect of rules and regulations for leading civic life. Accordingly,
they have developed a sound system of law making, law enforcement and
adjudication. With its own methods of separation of powers and checks and
balances, the system proved to be one of the most efficient, the human kind
has ever seen. People were not the source of law. They were not sovereign to
make laws. The sources of law were the four sources of dharma, vyavahara
(evidence) charita (history, customs and practices), and raja saasana
(proclamation by the soverign king). There shall be criminal, civil and
mercantile law.

2. Administration: Ancient India had generally republican form of government.
However, Kautilya proposed a system which is centralized in character. The
bureaucracy as proposed by Kautilya had as many as 30 divisions, each
headed by an Adhyaksha. Unity of Command and Unity of direction, as
propounded by the modern management theories were well followed by
Kautilya. Bureaucrats were provided with a fixed salary apart from other
benefits. Kautilya also arranged spies to detect corrupt officials and booked
them. According to him, “just as fish moving under water cannot possibly be
found out either as drinking water or not drinking water, so government
servants employed in the government work cannot be found out while taking
money for themselves”. Some of the major works of the bureaucracy involved
quality control of goods, currency system and the system of weights and

measures. The traded goods carried a state stamp as a mark of quality and legal measures.
3. Protection of people, territory and sovereignty: Protection of peoples, their
territory and sovereignty was the major objective of the state. The ancient
Indian state performed the duties efficiently and effectively by developing its
own machineries for the same. The Mauryan state maintained a citizen’s
register also. They had a system of passport and visa also.

4. Social order and equity: Maintenance of culture, traditions and practices
were important for the life of a civilization. That is exactly what the ancient
Indian state was performing.

5. Administration of a constitution: The ancient Indian state was based on the
sound principles of administration, whether it they were written or not. A
constitution was fundamental to the governance of a state. There shall be
constitution for the state at the state level. There shall be constitution for the
various associations at their levels. The later should confirm to the former.

6. Social development: A static society is bound to perish. Growth is the first
and last proof for life. The ancient Indian state recognised this fact.
Modernisation and development were not alien concepts to the ancient
Indian state.

7. Amalgamation of religious concepts: The ancient Indian state was successful
in effecting an amalgamation of ancient Hindu philosophy into the state craft
without converting the state into a theocratic entity devoid of reason. While
Hinduism as a way of life influenced the state, it did not destroy the secular
nature of administration.

8. Tax administration: Often, some of the western political thinkers like T. H.
Green and Henry Maine chose to depict ancient Indian State as a
mechanism for tax administration, out of their inability to appreciate the
Indian system from outside their times. Finance is definitely one of the most
important elements of the state even today. It means that ancient Indian
political system maintained a sound system of finance administration which
was very essential for the survival of a state. The observation of the western
thinkers could be taken as a complement rather than a mis-appreciation.
The particular nature of the ancient Indian tax system was the fixed time,
rate and the mode of payment. Citizens paid toll tax. Farmers paid one sixth
of their produce as tax. Hermits also paid taxes. There were taxes for
pilgrims also. Every trade or services were to pay taxes including dancers,
soothsayers and ever prostitutes. Use of public roads and water ways also
entertained taxes.
Thanks for reading.

A story about the HONEST WOOD-CUTTER

hellow friend today i am writing a story this story about the honest wood cutter so this is the very interesting story so you must read it.
There was a poor wood-cutter. One day he was cutting wood on the river bank. By chance his axe fell off his hand. It fell into the river. The wood cutter was very sad. He began to cry and cry. God mercury came there. The wood - cutter told him his story. Mercury dived into the river. He came out with a gold axe and said Here is your axe. But the wood - cutter said that it was not his axe. Mercury dived again. This time he came with a silver axe. Again the wood - cutter did not accept it.
Mercury dived into the river for the third time. This time he came out with the wood - cutter's axe. The wood - cutter accepted it and thanked mercury. Mercury was pleased with the wood - cutter. He gave him the gold and silver axes also as reward for his honest.

Moral = Honesty is the best policy.
So this is all about the story and i would like to say that thanks for reading my story.

Deepawali festival and my birthday party

Hellow friend today we will read about the deepawali festival today we will know how to celebrate it. and also read about my birthday party.

Deepawali is an important  festival of the hindus. It is said that lord rama came to a ayodhya at the end of his long exile. so people were happy. they decorated the city and lighted lamps to show their joy. Every year people celebrate deepawali. The halwais are busy making sweets. Every body buys sweets. People send gifts and sweets to their friends and relatives. At At night people send gifts and sweets to their friends and relatives. At night people light lamps in their homes and on their houses. houses look like brides with diamond ornaments people perform pooja. They worship the goddess of wealth lakshmi with noise.
 deepawali is a festival of prosperity. we should celebrate it in the right spirit and in the right manner. So this is all about the diwali festival and i would like to say that thanks for reading this my artical.

My Birthday party
September 10th is my birthday. every year my  parents celebrate my birthday. This year too we had a birthday party in the deluxe hotel.
We invited all our friends and relatived. There were about one hundred persons. All were in a happy mood. My father had ordered a big birthday cake. It was beautifully decorated. There were twelve candles on it. I cut the cake. All clapped and sang A happy birthday to you we gave a piece of cake to all. Every one brought apresent My parents did not want me to accept the presents. But i had to because everyone insisted. I got a lot of presents. then we had dinner. Music was played. A dance party presented dances. Then all wished me a happy birthday once again and left.
So thanks for reading

A story Two goats and the bee and the dove

There was a stream. There was a narrow bridge over it. The bridge was too narrow. One day a goat was crossing it from one bank of the stream. Another goat was also crossing it from the other end.
Both wanted to cross it first. They began to quarrel. Both of them fell into the stream and died Another day two goats also met in the middle of the bridge. One sat down The other went over. Then the first goat stood up and crossed the bridge.

Moral = LIve and let live.

( Bee and the dove)
Once a bee fell into a stream. Its life was in danger. A dove saw it. The dove put a leaf near the bee. The bee climbed up the leaf. It dried its wings and flew away. In this way the dove saved the bee.
One day a hunter came there. The dove was sitting on a tree. The hunter aimed at the dove. The bee saw it flew to the hunter and stung his hand. The hunter missed his aim. The dove heard the loud sound of the gun and flew away. So the bee saved the dove

Moral = One good turn deserves another.

A story The tailor and the elephant.

Hellow to all my friend today i am writing a very interesting story this story about the tailor and the  elephant so you must read it.

A raja had an elephant. The elephant went to a river for a bath everyday. There was a tailor's shop on the way. One day the tailor gave the elephant a banana. The elephant took the banana in his trunk and ate it.
Next day the tailor gave him a lump of sugar. Every day the tailor gave the elephant something to eat . They became friends. One day the tailor thought of a mischief. The elephant came there. The tailor pricked his trunk with a needle. The elephant went away for his bath. After the bath The elephant filled his trunk with water. He reached the tailor's shop. He spread spurted the water all over. All the clothes in the shop were soiled. The tailor was sorry for his folly.
Moral = Never take friendship for granted.

About the taj Mahal

Hellow friend today we will know about the taj Mahal.

The Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum located on the southern bank of the yamuna River in the indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the mughal emperorshah Jahan ( reigned 1628 - 1658) to house the tomb of his favorite wife of three, Mumtaz Mahal.

Construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643 but work continued on other phases of the project for an additional ten years. The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be around 32 million indian rupees, which in 2015 would be valued at around 52.8 billion indian rupees ($827 million us). The construction project employed around 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of  architects led by Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. The domed marble tomb is part of an integrated complex consisting of gradens and two red - sandstone buildings surrounded by a crenellated wall on three sides.

(Inspiration)
In 1631, shah jahan, emperor during the Mughal empire's period of greatest prosperity, was grif-stricken when his favorite of three wives and beloved companion, Mumtaz Mahal, a persian princess, died during the birth of their 14th child, Gauhara Begum. Construction of the Taj mahal began in 1632. The court chronicles of shah jahan's grief illustrate the love story traditionally held as an inspiration for Taj mahal. The principal mausoleum was completed in 1643 and the surrounding buildings and garden were finished about five years later.
so this is all about the taj mahal so thanks for reading. 

About the Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809-April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the United states serving from March 1862 until his assassination in april 1865. Lincoln led the United states through itscivil war- its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional and political crisis. In doing so he preserved the Union abolished slavery strengthened the fedreal government and modernized the economy.

Born in hodgenville kentucky Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in kentucky and indiana. Largely self - educated he became a lawyer in lllinois a whing party leader and a member of theb lllinois house of representatives in which he served for twelve years. Elected to the U.S  House of Representatives in 1846 lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks tariffs and railroads because he had originally agreed not to run for a second term in congressand because his opposition to the Mexican - American war was unpopular among lllinois voters Lincoln returned to Springfield and resumed his successful lawpractice.  

Reentering politics in 1854 he became a leader in building the new Republican party which had a statewide majority in lllinois. In 1858 while taking part in a series of highly publicized debates with his opponent and rival democrat stephen a. Douglas Lincoln spoke out against the expansion of slavery but lost the U.S. Senate race to douglas.

so friend this is all about the abraham lincoln so thanks for reading. 

What is the KPO

Today we will know about the (KPO).

Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) describes the outsourcing of core information-related business activities which are competitively importante of form an integral part of a company's value chain. KPO requires advanced analytical and technical skills as well as a high degree of specialist expertise.

(Types of kpo)
KPO services include all kinds of research and information gathering e.g. Intellectual property research for patent applications, equity research, business and market research, legal and medical services, training, consultancy, and research and development in fields such as pharmaceuticals and biotechnology and animation and design etc.
(Importance of KPO)
The developing rivalry has brought about shorter time to market cycles, and clients are getting to be more requesting regarding quality. this has constrained the firms to give operational proficiency and increase the value of their products  and services. The customer can launch an item quicker and get to the market immediately. A company can lessen the complexities included in overseeing and constantly constructing information in an extensive pool of human resources.
so friend this is all about the KPO.

What is the BPO

Hellow friend today we will know about the BPO. We will know what is this and what is the profit of it.
Business process outsourcing (BPO) is a subset of outsourcing thatinvolves the contracting of the operations and responsibilities of a specific business process to a third-party service provider. Originally this was associated with manufacturing firms such as coca cola that outsourced large segments of its supply chain.
BPO is typically categorized into back office outsourcing which includes internal business functions such as human resources or finance and accounting and front office outsourcing which includes customer-related srevices such as contact centre services.

(Benefits of BPO)
The main advantage of any BPO is the way in which it helps increase a company's flexibility. However, several sources which have different ways in which they preceive organizational flexibility. in early 2000s BPO was all about cost efficiency which allowed a certain level of flexibility at the time. Due to technological advances and changes in the industry  companies who choose to outsource their back- office increasingly look for time flexibility and direct quality control. Business process outsourcing enhances the flexibility of an organization in different ways.
So this is all about the BPO.

The story two friends and the bear

Hellow friend today i am writing a interesting story this story about the two friends and the bear so you should read it.

Rama and gopal were friends. They promised to help each other. One day they were passing through a thick forest. suddenly they were passing through a thick forest. Suddenly they saw a bear. The bear was coming towards them. Both of them were afraid of the bear.

Immediately Rama climbed up a tree. Gopal could not climb up a tree. He was helpless.

Gopal thought of a plan. He had heard that the bear does not attack a dead person. So he lay down on the ground. He held his breath. The bear smelt him. It left him for dead. when the bear had disappeared Rama climbed down. Gopal also stood up. Rama asked what did the bear say in your ear. Gopal replied never trust a selfish friend.
Moral = Beware of selfish friends.

A story Union is strength

Hellow friend today i am wrighting a story this story about the union is strength this is very interesting story so i can say that you should read it.

A farmer had four sons. They were always quarrelling. The farmer was growing very old. he wanted to teach his sons a lesson. One day the farmer was sick. All his sons were there. He asked them to bring a bundle of sticks. He said to his sons One by one to break the bundle.

None was able to do it. Now he asked them to untie the bundle. Now he asked to break the sticks. They could easily do so. The farmer said when the sticks were together they were strong. you could not break them. When the sticks were separate you could easily break them.

 Do you want to be strong or do you want to be weak. All of them said we want to be strong. The farmer said live together. Do not quarrel. No one will be able to break you. The sons said now we understand.
Moral = Union is strength.

Some very good stories must read.

( Fox and the grapes)
There was a fox. One day it was very hungry. It went to a garden. A bunch of ripe grapes was hanging on a wall. Its mouth watered. It jumped and jumped but it could not reach the grapes. Soon it was tired. It said the grapes are sour. I do not want to eat them. It went away.
Moral = Grapes are very sour.

( The thirsty crow)
On a hot summer day a crow was very thirsty. It flew and flew but could not find water anywhere. At last it saw a jug. The water in the jug was too low. Its beak could not reach it. He thought of a plan. There were some pebbles. He picked them one by one. He dropped them in the jug. The water rose. The crow drank water and flew away.
Moral = Where there is a will, there is a way.

So friend i would like to say that thanks for reading this is my interesting story ok so good by and have a good day.

Some very good stories must read.

( Fox and the grapes)
There was a fox. One day it was very hungry. It went to a garden. A bunch of ripe grapes was hanging on a wall. Its mouth watered. It jumped and jumped but it could not reach the grapes. Soon it was tired. It said the grapes are sour. I do not want to eat them. It went away.
Moral = Grapes are very sour.

( The thirsty crow)
On a hot summer day a crow was very thirsty. It flew and flew but could not find water anywhere. At last it saw a jug. The water in the jug was too low. Its beak could not reach it. He thought of a plan. There were some pebbles. He picked them one by one. He dropped them in the jug. The water rose. The crow drank water and flew away.
Moral = Where there is a will, there is a way.

So friend i would like to say that thanks for reading this is my interesting story ok so good by and have a good day.

About the Fruit I like and Make tea and Toy seller.

                           (About the fruit I like)
Our market is full of fruit. I like mangoes. MMangoes come in summer. Mango is the king of fruit. It is very tasty. We eat ripe mangoes. We make jams and pickles from unripe mangoes.

                              (How I make Tea)
Tea is our national drink. We serve tea to visitors. We drink tea the year round. I can make tea. I boil milk and water together. I put some sugar and tea leaves in a teapot. I pour boiling milk and waterin it. I put the lid on. After two minutes tea is ready.

                                    (A Toy seller)
Many toy and balloon sellers visit our stree. Ramu is also a toy seller. He carries a cross and balloons fly from it. There are whistles, toy-guns and many other toys. His clothes are strange. He plays on a pipe. Children run out of their houses. They buy toys and balloons from him. People call him the pied piper.

So friend this all about the fruit that i love and how i make tea and a toy seller so thanks for reading.

About My Hobby and Sun and moon

(About my hobby)
Hobby gives us joy. We are sad when we do nothing. Painting is my hobby. My father has bought me colours, brushes and paper. I paint when I am free. My parents are happy when they look at my paintings. My teachers also like my paintings.

(About the sun)
The sun gives us heat and light. It gives life to plants and animals. It blows winds. It brings rain. It is a store house of energy. The sun is  Very hot . It is millions of kilometers away. The sun is very big It is a ball of fire.

( About the Moon)
The moon has no light. It is like a mirror. It reflects the light of the Sun The moonlight is very pleasant. It brings tides in the sea Poets praise the moon in their poems. There are many stories about the moon.
So this is all about the My hobby and the sun and the Moon so thanks for watching.

About my teacher, postman, bicycle.

(About the postman)
Shri Rameshwar das is the postman of our street. He brings us letters and money orders. He also brings magazines. Every one waits for him. He is an honest person. He goes about the beat on his bicycle. He never asks for any favours. People like him.

(About my teacher)
Shri Ram Gopal is our teacher. He teaches us English. He is a very good teacher.He is very punctual. He works very hard. He never neglects his classes. He makes the lessons interesting. He shows some pictures and charts. He writes clearly on the black board. We are free to ask him any question. He loves us like his children. We also love him.

( About my bicyle)
I have a bicycle. It is an Atlas bicycle. It is black. I love it. I call it black beauty. I go to school on my bicyle. I also go to the market on it. I clean it every morning. I oil it every week. Many students come on scooters but I am proud of my bicycle.

About my friend, father,mother,book.

(About my friend)
Sanjay is my best friend. He is my neighbour. We read in the same class. We go to school together. We come back together. We do our home work together. We like singing. His parents too love me.

(About my father)
My father is a lawyer. Every one respects him. He always speaks the truth. He tells me many stories. He is very honest. He gets up early. He works late at night. I love my father.

(About my mother)
My mother is the best women. She loves me more than her life. She cooks tasty food for me. She looks after the family. She loves my sister too. we love our mother.

(About My book)
I have many books. My father gave me a book of fairy tales. I like that book most. It has strange stories. It has beautiful pictures in it. It has glossy paper. I read it again ND AGAIN.

Story the greedy dog and hen that laid a golden egg

                                      (The greedy dog)
Once there was a dog. It was greedy. One day he got a bone. He wanted to eat it alone. There was a river. he was going to the other bank of the river. He was crossing the bridge. He saw his reflection in the water below. He thought it was another dog with a bone in his mouth. He wanted to eat his bone too. So he barked at the other dog. His own bone fell into the water. He lost his bone too.
Moral= Do not be greedy. Greedy is a curse.

                                 (Hen that laid a golden egg)
A farmer had a wonderful hen. It laid a golden egg every day. The farmer lived well. The farmer became greedy. He thought he could get all the eggs at once. He did not want to wait. So he killed the hen. But there were no eggs inside. Now the hen was dead. He could not get any egg in future.
Moral= Patience is a Virtue. Impatience spoils the game.
So this is all about the story thanks for reading.

About my school, milkman, bus conductor

                           (About my school)
I read in the city high school. It is the best school. It is a very old school. My father also read in this school. The school building is very large. There are play grounds. There is a garden also. our library has a large number of books. Our principal is a kind man. I am proud of my school.

                            (About Our Milkman)
Dhani Ram is our milkman. He brings milk from village. He has a motor - cycle. He carries milk cans on it. He comes every morning and evening. Sometimes my mother says the milk is good. Dhani Ram says that he always brings pure milk.

                           ( About bus conductor)
Our school has a bus. It brings us to school. It takes us back home Mohan Lal is the conductor of the bus. He helps students to get into the bus. He also helps us to get out of the bus. He is very kind to girl.
So this is all about the school, milkman and the bus conductor so thanks for reading.

The some interesting child story

Hellow to all my friend today i am reading some interesting story this is very good for child so i can say that you should read it.

                            (The Fox And The Crow)
A crow stole a piece of cheese. He flew away and sat on a tree. A fox came there. she wanted to eat the piece of cheese. So she said to the crow, Mr. Crow you sing well. please sing me a song. It pleased the crow. He opened his mouth and cried, caw, caw The piece of cheese fell down. The fox picked it and ate it.
Moral =  Beware of flattery.

                         ( The fox And The Goat)
Once a fox into a ditch. It jumped and jumped but could not come out. It was tired. By chance a goat came there. It looked into the ditch. The goat said to the fox, What are you doing there. The fox said it was very hot there. It is cool and pleasant here. Come and see The goat was very foolish. It jumped into the ditch.After some time the fox said Let us get out. Please stand up. The poor goat stood up. The fox jumped on to its back. Then it jumped out and went away. The poor goat lay there and feel bad.
Moral =  Look before you leap.

The story Hare And the lion

Hellow friend today we will read one interesting story this story about the hare and the lion.

A lion killed more animal than he needed. So the animals held a meeting with the lion. They reached an agreement. Now the lion did not kill any animals. The animals sent one of them for his food everyday.

One day it was the turn of a hare. The hare thought of a plan. He reached the lion late. The lion was angry. He asked the hare, Why are you so late. The hare said sir I met a lion on my way. He wanted to eat me. I said I was the food for the king. He said he was the new king. I escaped with great difficulty.

The lion was very angry to hear this. He said to the hare show me that lion i will kill him. The hare led him to a well. The lion looked into the well. He saw his reflection in the water. he roared. he heard the echo. this made him more and more angry. he jumped into the well. he died. the animals were happy.

Top 3 Bollywood Actress in 2015

( NO 1 Deepika Padukone) = The sensational and magnificent lady in Indian cinema Deepika Padukone gained reconition with her blockbuster release Om shanti om in which she played dual role opposite shah Rukh. The sizzling beauty has one of the most popular Indian celebrities and top paid bollywood actress with 8-9 crore from each  movie by giving super-doper hit movies at box office. Bachna Ae Haseeno, Love Aaj Kal, Housful, Cocktail, Happy new year are some of her top rated movie while she will also appeared in two of upcoming films piku which will hit the theaters in 2015.

( NO 2 Kareena Kapoor) = The beautiful and glittering beauty queen of Indian film industry Kareena Kapoor is one of the leading actresses, and one of the highest paid actresses in Bollywood received 8-9 Crore for a single movie. Throughout Kareena is very successful career following her flexibility and fineacting, worked in almost every genre movie which gave her numerous awards and nominations. Some of her Commercially and critically successful movie are jab we met and omkara.

( No 3 Priyanka Chopra) = Miss World pageant Priyanka Chopra is versatile, striking and elegant actress and singer as well, considered as one of themost popular and high - profile celebrities in india and highest paid bollywood actresses with 7-8 crore for each movie. priyanka has several successful releases in her career for which she has received  frequent nominations and awards such as one National film Award, four from filmfare, IIFA Awards, seven star Guild awards.
So this is all about the top 3 bollywood actress.

Top 3 Most Popular Hollywood Actresses in 2015

Hellow friend today we will know who top 3 hollywood actress in 2015.

(No 3)= Scarlett Johansson: The fifth rank in top 5 most popular Hollywood actress goes to scarlett Johansson who is not popular only for being actress but also for being fashion model and singer. She was also known as the world's famous magazine. The film og girl with a pearl earring and sofia coppola's lost in translation are her best movies which earned her both golden globe award and Bafta award for best actress in a leading role. She was born on 22th August, 1984 in new york city, U.S.A.

(no 2 Cameron diaz) = Owing to her beauty and skillful act Cameron diaz becomes one of the most popular hollywood actress in 2015. Furthermore she has achieved numerous awards one of the most well-known awards is golden  globe award. she always roles as major actress in lots of movies for example The mask, my best friends wedding, There's something about mary, charlie's angel and the other Women. Cameron diaz is now 41 years old, but she still remain prominent and popular in hollywood movies.

(no 1 Angelina Jolie) = Angelina jolie is the most popular hollywood actress in 2015. sine she has involved in entertainment industry, she has won a lot of awards including Oscar awards. she was born on 4th june, 1975 in los Angeles California, U.S.A. She has become famouse after the blockbuster movies such as Mr & Mrs, Smith (2005), Wanted (2008) and many more. Besides taking part crucially in entertainment industry, she also plays an important role in social activities, such as international charity projects, especiallythose involving refugees.

Types of ethernet cables

Today we will know about the Ethernet cables. Ethernet cables can come in two forms.

1(Straight-through cable)- it has identical wiring on both ends (Pin 1  on one end of the cable is connected to pin 1 at the other end of the cable, pin 2 is connected to pin 2.) This types of cable is used to connect.

.computer to hub
.computer to switch
.router to hub
.router to switch

Computers and routers use wires 1 and 2 to transmit data and wires 3 and 6 to receive data. Hubs and switches use wires 1 and 2 to receive data and wires 3 and 6 to send data. that is why if you want to connect two computers together you will nee a crossover cable.

2( Crossover cable) - wire pairs are swapped which means that different pins are connected together- pin 1 on one end of the cable is connected to pin 3 on the other end pin 2 on one end is connected to pi 6 on the other end.

This type of cable is used when you need to connect two devices that use the same wires to send and the same wires to receive data. For example, consider connecting two computers together. if you use straight-through cable with identical wiring in both ends  both computers will use wires 1 and 2 to send data. if computer A secnd some packets to computer B so computer A will send that data using wires 1 and 2. That will cause a problem because computers expect packets to be received on wires 3 and 6 and your network will not work properly. So this is all about the Ethernet cables.

Types of IPv6 addresses

Today we will read about the IPv6 addresses three categories of IPv6 addresses exist.

(Unicast) = represents a single interface. Packets addressed to a unicast address are delivered to  a single interface.

( Anycast) = identifies one or more interfaces. For example servers that support the same function can use the same unicast IP address. packets sent to that IP address are forwarded to the nearest server. Anycast addresses are used for load - balancing. known as one-to-nearest address.

(Multicast) = Represent a dynamic group of hosts. Packets sent to this address are delivered to many interfaces. Multicast addresses in IPv6 have a similar purpose as their counterparts in IPv4.
NOTE - IPv6 does not use the broadcast method. it has been replaced with anycast and multicast addresses.
SO this is all about the IPv6 addresses.

What is the wildcard masks and ACLs

Hellow friend today we will learn about the wildcard masks and ACLs in computer networking.

(What are ACLs)
ACLs are a set of rules used most commonly to filter network traffic. They are used on network devices with packets filtering capatibilites like routers or firewalls. ACLs are applied on the interface basis to packets leaving or entering an interface.

(What is wildcard masks)

Wildcard masks are used to specify a range of network addresses. They are commonly used with routing protocols (like ospf) and access lists.
Like a subnetmask, a wildcard mask is 32 bits long. it acts as an inverted subnet masks, but with wildcard mask, the zero bits indicate that the corresponding bit position must match the same bit position in the IP address. The one bits indicate that the corresponding bit position does not have to match the bit position in the ip address. So this is all about the wildcard masks and ACLs.

Configuring RIPv2 in computer networking.

Hellow friend today we will learn about the configuring RIPv2 in the computer networking this topic very usful of ccna student.

Configuring RIPv2 is a pretty straight forward process. only therr steps are required.

(1) = Enabling RIP by using the router rip global configuration command.

(2) = Instructing the router to use RIPv2 by  typingthe version 2 command.

(3) = telling RIP which networks to advertise by using one or more network commands.

The first two commands are easy to comperhend, but the last command requires a little bit more thought. With the network command you specify which interfaces will participate in the routing process. This command takes a classful network as a parameter and enables RIP on the corresponding interfaces.

So this is all about the configuring RIPv2 in the computer networking so thanks for reading.

Multi commodity Exchange of india

Hellow friend today we will read about the multi commodity exchange of india.

(Multi commodity exchange of india ltd MCX) is an independent commodity exchange based in india. it was established in 2003 and is based in mumbai. the turnover of the exchange for the fiscal year 2014-15 was rs. 51.84 lakh crore (Sourse. MCX AR 2014-15), and in terms of contracts targest commodity exchange. MCX offers futures trading in bullion, non - ferrous metals, energy, and a number of agricultural commodities (mentha oil, cardamom, crude, palm oil, cotton and others).

In 2014, MCX has taken the seventh spot among the global commodity bourses in terms of the number of futures contracts traded, based on the latest yearly data from futures Industry Association (FIA). So friend this is all about the multi commodity exchange of india so after read this topic you should open account in (MCX) and earn money so thanks for reading.

About the Cochin stock exchange

Cochin stock exchange (CSE) was a stock exchange in Kochi, kerala in india. Incorporated in 1978, it had over 350 indian companies listed at its peak, and during the 1990s, it was the fourth largest exchange in india by turnover, with a daily turnover of 70 to100 crore. The exchange stopped trading in 2005, and was in the final stages of closure by may 2014.

Cochin stock brokers, which provides trading facilites on the bombay stock exchange, and cse institute, an educational organisation, continue to operate beyond the closure of the exchange.

(History)
Computerized trading was introduced in 1997. the major backoffice system software used are NESS and BOSS respectively for NSE and BSE. The trading software used incsbl is Multex. Traders are provided Meta stock and ERS software, trading terminals and optical fiber connections. DP holdings are maintained by demat services like cdsl. So this is all about the Cochin stock exchange.

Calcutta stock Exchange

Hellow friend today we will read about the Calcutta stock Exchange.

(Calcutta Stock Exchange)
Also abbreviatedto CSE, Located at the Lyons Range, Kolkata, India, is the oldest stock exchange in south asia. It was incorporated in 1908 and is the second Largest bourse in India.
( History)
In 1830, the bourse activities in Kolkata used to conducted under a neem tree. The earliest record of dealings in securities in india is the British east india Company's loan securities. In 1908, the stock exchange was incorporated and consisted of 150 members. The present building at the Lyons Range was constructed in 1928. The Calcutta stock exchange ltd was granted permanent recognition by the Government of india with effect from april 14, 1980 under the relevant provisions of the securities Contracts ( Regulation) Act, 1956. The calcutta stock Exchange followed the familiar outcry system for stock trading up until 1997, when it was replaced by an electronic E trading system known as c - star (CSE screen based trading and Reporting). The full form of CSE is Calcutta stock exchange.

(Alliance)
The Bombay stock exchange (BSE) has made a strategic investment in Calcutta Stock Exchange, acquiring 5% of its shares. So this is all about the calcutta stock Exchange.

What is the National Stock Exchange

Hellow to all my friend today we will read about the National stock Exchange.

The national stock exchange of india limited (nse) is the leading stock exchange of india located in mumbai. Nse was established in 1992 as the first demutualized electronic exchange in the country. NSE was the first exchange in the country to provide a modern, fully automated screen- based electronic trading system which offered easy trading facility to the investors spread across the length and breadth of the country.

(NSE) has a market capitalization of more than us$ 1.65 trillion, making it the world's 12 th largest stock exchange as of 23 january 2015. NSE's flagship index, the CNX Nifty, the 50 stock index, is used 
extensively by investors in India and around the world as a barometer of the Indian capital markets. 

NSE offers trading clearing and settlement services in equity, equity derivatives, debt and currency 
derivatives segments. it is the first exchange in india to introduce electronic trading facility thus connecting together the investor base of the entire country. NSE has 2500 VSATs and 3000 leased lines spread over more than 2000 cities across India. so this is all about the national stock exchange so thanks for reading.

What is the bombay stock exchange

Hellow friend today we will learn about the indian bombay stock exchange.

The bombay stock exchange (BSE) is an indian stock exchange located at dalal street, Mumbai india. it established in 1875, the BSE is asia's first stockexchange and the world's fastest stock exchange with a median trade speed of 6 microseconds. The Bse is the world's 11th largest stock exchange with an overall market capitalization of $1.7 trillion as of january 23rd, 2015. More than 5500companies are publicly listed on the BSE.

History
The Bombay stock exchange is the oldest exchange in Asia. its history dates back to 1855, when four Gujarati and one Parsi stockbroker would gather under banyan trees in front of mumbai's town Hall. The location of these meetings changed many times to accommodate an increasing number of brokers. The group eventually moved to dalal street in 1874 and in became an official organization known as the native share & stock Brokers Association in 1875.

What is the DHCP & DNS

Hellow friend today we will learn about the DHCP & DNS network protocol.

(DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
DHCP is a network protocol that is used to assign various network parameters to a device. This greatly simplifies administration since there is no need to assign static network parameters for each device separately. DHCP is a client server protocol. A client is a device that is configured to use DHCP to request network parameters from a DHCP server. DHCP server maintains a pool of available IP addresses and assignes one of them to the host. A DHCP server can also provide some other parameters, such as:

1 Subnet mask
2 default gateway
3 domain name
4 DNS server
Cisco routers can be used as a DHCP server.

(DNS Domain Name system)
DNS is a network protocol used to translate hostnames into IP addresses. DNS is not required hostnames into IP addresses. DNS is not required to establish a network connection but it is much more user friendly for human users than the numeric addressing scheme. Consider this example. you can access the Google homepage by typing74.125.227.99, but it is much easier just to type www.Google.com.
so this is all about the DHCP & DNS and thanks for reading.

Apple iPhone 7 amazing feature

Hellow friend today we will know about the apple iPhone 7 feauter.

The iPhone 7 will come in september 2016 and could come with an edge -to-edge display no headphone jack a waterproof body and more. Read on to find out all of the latest news about the Apple iPhone & UK release data, UK price and Specifications.

(iPhone 7 price)
For its past two ipgone releases Apple has kept the pricing the same. That means we could well see the i phone 7 costing 55000 for 16GB version, 62000 for 64GB version, 70000 for 128GB version and 81000 for 256GB version.

(iPhone 7 Design)
If you thought that was bad news it gets worse - according to japanes site mac otakara, Apple is thinking about ditching the headphone jack completely, enabling the company to shave 1 mm from the device's thickness.The news about Apple ditching the headphone jack for the iPhone 7 do not seem to be slowing in 2016, either. Throughout the first week of the year, we have heared numerous  rumours and reports backing up the theory.

So friend this is all about the i Phone 7 and this is the real news and you should early buy this iPhone 7 and have enjoy.

Top 4 wwe superstar

No 1 (The Rock) = The Rock aks Dwayne johnson is one of the mainfram headlines of wwe, he is always special for the fan every time he made a comeback there is huge noise background from his fans in the arena. background from his fans in the arena. Today he is engaged once again with wwe and working as super star not appear every just made limited matches appearances. he is always the people champ. He was number 1 in our 21st century greatest Wrestlers list.

No 2 (The Undertaker) = Undertaker the dead man walking he is the legend in Wrestling still give appearances but very limited . He is the most expensive wrestlers of all time in WWE. The way he entertain his fans of Wrestling, millions of people love to see him fighting. He is the real charm of WWE for years.

No 3 (Brock Lesnar) = Brock Lesnar is totally a great fighter, he worked as Mixed Martial Arts married to the wwe Diva Sable in 2006. Lesnar made his appearance with paul Heyman the man who manages matches at WWE. Wrestler signed 1 year contract with wwe in 2014 worth of $5 Million which made the highest paid Wrestlers in WWE 2014.

No 4 ( Jhon Cena) = If some takes control of the 2010-2015 era of wrestling them its Jhon Cena who made it happen he is now the most popular and richest WWE Wrestlers of all time. jhon Cena got highest wrestling fan followers all around the world. he is among the top wrestlers who made WWE events bigger with their Wrestling attributes and skills.
So friend this is all about the top 5 wwe superstar and thanks for reading. 

How to make sticky rice in microwave

Hellow friend today we will learn that how to make sticky rice in microwave.

(Ingredients)
1 (1/2 cup sweet rice (sticky rice)
2 (1/2 water)
3 ( bowl for microwave safe)

(Cooking Method)
1. Put sweet rice in the bowl then wash it well
2. add the water
3. put in microwave FOR 6 minutes
4. Stir the rice around to move the rice from the bottom to the top. you will notice that some of the rice is translucent or cooked and some still has white center or the uncooked portion. Heat it up again for another 6 minutes.
5. Stir the rice again 1 more time then Heat it up again for another 2 minutes
6. Remove to the serve plate and take it with family.