Theory of aristotle on revolution

Causes of Revolution: There are many causes for Revolution also. The
most general cause of revolution is men’s desire for equality. The particular
causes of revolution are the love for gain, love for honor, fear, undue prominence
of some individuals in public life, carelessness in granting office, and neglect of
changes.
Causes of revolution can be summarised as follows:-
1. Unequal distribution of offices: when the various offices of the State are
distributed unequally, it will lead to Revolution.
2. Misuse of Authority: When authority is misused, it causes revolution.
3. Injustice: If injustice is caused to the people, it will lead to Revolution.
4. Careless recruitment: if the recruitment to the offices of the state is proper,
it will lead to revolution.
5. Unwanted expenditure: unwanted and callous expenditure will cause
revolution.
6. Jealousy: Jealousy towards those in power can cause revolution.
7. Neglect of minor changes: if small changes are neglected, they will grow out
of proportion.
8. Immigration from outside: if there is no control of immigrants from outside
the state, gradually it will cause revolution.
9. Use of force without reason: if the power of the state is used irrationally,
it might lead to revolution.
10. In democracies, the excesses of demagogues15 may cause revolution.
11. In Oligarchies, excessive rule of oligarchs may cause revolution.
12. In aristocracies, jealousy towards aristocrats may cause revolution.
Methods to prevent Revolution: There are many methods to prevent
Revolutions. Aristotle suggests a number of useful methods to prevent

revolution. They can be summarised as follows:
1. The most important method to prevent revolution is to develop the spirit
of obedience to law. The people of the state should be educated on the
spirit of the constitution.
2. Small changes in the constitution should be carefully observed. There
shall be no sudden changes. The government should take care not to
change the existing system all of a sudden.
3. Too much power should not concentrate in a person or group of
persons. Excessive authority should not concentrate on anyone.
4. Everyone should be considered while allotting public offices. No man or
class of men should be left out. There shall be proper selection system.
The offices of the state should be filled by a proper selection system.
5. There should be public control over financial administration. It should
be open to public scrutiny16.
6. Offices and honours should be awarded based on justice.
7. Minor events in the state should not be ignored. Minor issues can turn
into bigger problems.
8. Avoid outsiders: People from outside should not be entertained much in
the State. They should be carefully watched. It should be seen that they
will mix well with the population.
9. Gain confidence of the people: The most important method to prevent
revolution is to gain the confidence of the people.
so this is all about the revolution.

Poverty and the environment of india.

Today our topic is on the poverty and the environment of india.

Poverty and the Environment: 

Both environmental degradation and poverty alleviation are urgent global issues that have a lot in common, but are often treated separately. This link has never been more evident than in India’s case. There is a common misconception that for poor countries to develop, environmental concerns have to be sacrificed, or else that environmental concerns are a luxury to address once poverty is alleviated. However for India to develop sustainably it must learn from past countries and recognise that poverty and the environment go hand in hand. The Centre for Science and Environment based in Delhi observes that if the world’s poor were to consume in the manner of people in developed countries “we would need two additional planet Earths to produce resources and absorb wastes … and good planets are hard to find!”.
The links between poverty and pollution and environmental-damage can be seen everywhere in India. The use of rivers as sewers is common to Indian slum areas. There is also a link between dumping and landfill and countries of poverty. India has huge landfills scattered across it’s major cities and to highlight the link with poverty further most of these landfills are located next to the ‘bastis’. However to blame India’s poor for the environmental degradation would be a huge mistake. It is the lack of resources and facilities provided to the poor which results in the level of damage occurring in India. However there are many methods which the Indian government could use to tackle both problems i.e. reduce poverty by tackling environmental degradation.

· Strengthen participation by the poor in decision-making related to access to environmental resources: People in India’s poorest areas should be involved in deciding where sewerage should be provided and how best to provide clean water as their local expertise would be vital.
 Employ only local people in the building of environmental resources in their slum areas: This would boost the local economy and also create a sense of pride in environmental resources within the community.
· Expand the natural asset base of the poor: By providing free plots of land to the countries poor India could promote a sense of environmentalism and a respect for nature while also providing economic assistance to the poor.
· Tackle environmental problems which affect the poor first and concentrating on overall environmental damage levels after. By tackling problems such as water pollution and air pollution in slum areas the Indian government could take its people out of poverty creating an overall knock-on effect for the countries overall sustainable development.
· If the Indian government where to apply some of the above methods they could both alleviate poverty and create an environmentally-sustainable country.
thanks for reading.

The future of india

India and Future Sustainable Development 
Sustainable Development is something which many countries across the world are aiming to achieve. In theory, development that is sustainable and not damaging to the planet is very possible. Of course though, in reality there are a lot of politics and challenges involved. In India’s case there are many sustainability issues which must be addressed or will hamper the countries future development.

Poverty:
Poverty is an everyday sight in India but something which must be addressed or it will negatively affect the country’s future sustainability. Poverty in India is widespread with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. According to a 2005 World Bank estimate 42% of the Indian population fall below the international poverty line. Although this is a major increase on the figure of 87% in 1980 it is still a shocking statistic. Many of the country’s poor live in the slum areas or ‘bastis’ of the major cities. These bastis lack even basic amenities such as proper sewerage or running water. Therefore India’s poverty has led to huge levels of disease amongst its population. Diseases such as cholera and typhoid are commonplace in slum areas. A lack of proper healthcare means that many inhabitants of India’s slums die before they are 30. If India is to become a truly developed country it must develop a form of social welfare scheme, this means that at current poverty levels close to 240 million people would be availing of welfare benefits. This is a figure which is simply not viable, therefore if India is to sustain development into the future it must do something to lower poverty levels.

The Environment and Pollution:
The environment is something which every country must strive to sustain, however for a country as large as India this can be a major problem, not only in dealing with atmospheric pollution but also the damage that is being done to India’s natural landscape as we speak. Air pollution and carbon emissions have become a major cause for concern in India as it has become industrialized. Although India is low on the carbon emissions scale compared to countries such as America its carbon levels are still very high and steadily increasing. India is emitting 1.17 tonnes of co2 per person per year and this is an ever-increasing figure. Most of these carbon emissions are coming from factories and industry, however a large portion is coming from the country’s waste as it degrades in landfill. Recycling (or a lack of) is a major issue in India and if the government does not set up some sort of recycling initiative it could lose colossal amounts of money storing waste in landfill and also cause irreparable damage to the environment. Air pollution is becoming a major problem in many of India’s cities. A good example of this is the city of Hyderabad where air pollution levels have reached alarming rates. Even the cities zoological park has recorded levels of Respiratory Suspended Particular Matter (RSPM) as being 68 micro grams per metre cubed, a level well above the recommended rate for such an eco-sensitive zone. These huge levels of air pollution are down to the fact that India still burns huge amounts of fossil fuels such as coal. Although the country is attempting to develop green energy sources it still has to burn huge amounts of fossil fuels to cope with an ever-increasing demand for energy. This coupled with the fact that India’s main fossil fuel is coal (a very high polluter) means that air pollution levels will probably continue to increase. However there have been some encouraging signs in recent years as the government and legislators have begun a major drive to invest in clean technology and recycling facilities so as to avail of the economic benefits from the Kyoto Protocol.

Water: 

There are two main sustainability issues associated with water in India. 

India has huge problems with water pollution. Most of India’s water pollution is as a result of industry and poor sewerage in urban areas. In city slums, rivers are used as open sewers and garbage dumps for things such as human waste and animal carcasses, these rivers are then used to bathe and even drink from, resulting in huge levels of disease. The river Ganges is considered to be one of the world’s dirtiest rivers and still an estimated 2million people bathe in its waters everyday due to Hindi beliefs and culture. E.Coli infections are common amongst people who visit the Ganges and due to its religious significance levels of infection will most likely remain. Some sources even say that India’s water pollution problem is so bad that 70% of available water in India is contaminated. Indian officials must act to create sewerage treatment plants in order to reverse the country’s unprecedented levels of water pollution. 

Another Sustainability issue which India faces in the future is the problem of water availability. India’s rapidly growing population is putting an increasing strain on India’s water supply. This is highlighted by the fact that according to World Watch Institute, Indian demand for water in urban areas is expected to triple by 2025. Another big problem is that actual water reserves look set to deteriorate due to global warming. 80% of India’s water comes from the Himalayas, either from rainwater or melting glaciers. If current projections are correct global warming will melt many of the Himalayan glaciers away by 2030 and this would result in the level of many of India’s main rivers dropping further pushing water demand .

So this is all about the future of india.

True ghost story Mischief on the farm

When I was in high school I dated a guy who lived on a very haunted farm, in Virginia. This farm was a multi-million dollar horse farm where they bred and trained show and race horses.

There are at least ten barns on the farm, used for various reasons. One of the barns held about 20 old antique carriages. These carriages are old and big, to move them takes a crane.

There are guards that worked for the farm that made nightly rounds around the farm to make sure everything was fine. No one could get in the gate without them knowing. The barn with carriages was used for tours; each carriage had a plaque explaining the history.

One morning one of the guards went into the carriage barn. All of the carriages had been moved around and put in the wrong places.

Needless to say the guard was very freaked out; it is not possible to move all the carriages in one night, and especially without anyone knowing.

The guards have also shared with me some of their scary experiences doing their rounds.

One night we‘ll call him ‗Buddy‘, was doing his rounds checking on all the barns. He noticed a light on in one of them that weren‘t supposed to be on. A light was on in the room where they have a TV and a microwave; there is a room like this in every barn.

Buddy went into the barn and hung out for a minute watching TV, there was no one in the barn, and he would have seen them. He hung out for a little while and then left, he shut off all the lights and soon as he shut the door to the barn every light in the barn came on! Needless to say he ran for his truck and got out of there! – Contributed by Josh.

So this is all about the story.

A 30 Year Haunting

I am laughing, because we have had a ghost following us around for the last 30 years. I only saw a shadow of a figure walking by the window every so often. One day, our three year old asked, ―Mommy, who is that man in the blue plaid shirt?‖
Then, I was able to see him fully. Brown hair and full clipped beard. Dark blue flannel shirt and brown serge pants. Handmade boots. We have moved three times since seeing him and he follows us to every new home. Walks the perimeter of the outside of the house only. Never comes in. We believe he is a dead relative who is earnestly trying to protect us.

I also saw a ghost at a B & B we stayed at. The owner was delighted as the ghost had only been seen a few times. She opened the door to our room while I was in the bathroom. Thinking it was my husband, I looked out. She was wearing a Victorian nightdress and had her hair in a long braid. She was walking a few inches off the floor. I later learned that the Victorian floor boards had been removed to show off the wide floor boards. So, she was ‗living‘ in her time and space. She did look back over her shoulder at me, though. And, I knew she was aware of my presence. Very interesting! – Contributed by Lynn Latson

india a geographical

Hellow friend today our artical about the india

 India: a geographical summary
India is a country in the subcontinent of South Asia in the larger continent of Asia. South Asia is made up of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. India is the dominant country in the subcontinent. India is the world’s second most populous country in the world with a rapidly expanding population of well over 1billion people. It is a vast country with many physical features ranging from the Himalayas in the north, to the Ganga valley in the east, to the Thar desert in the west. India has a mainly tropical climate but also has a typical monsoon climate with heavy rain from June to September and dry weather for the rest of the year, the country also has very warm weather for most of the year. India has many large metropolitan conurbations such as the capital Delhi (New Delhi), Kolkata and Mumbai.

 India’s development since independence
European traders first came to Indian shores in 1498 with the arrival of European explorer Vasco Da Gama. India was under the control of many different colonial powers until the early eighteenth century when British rule fully came into place. The British remained in power until 1947 when India became an independent nation. British control left a lasting impact on India, in many ways impeding India’s development in some sectors. After independence India developed in many different ways which will be examined below.
Government:
Indian governmental structured change rapidly after independence. It went from being a country within the British Commonwealth to a sovereign, secular country. India became a fully independent, secular state on the 26 November 1950 when the new constitution. The country developed into a democratic republic with a president, prime minister and a council of ministers, all who are elected by the public. India’s full title is the Republic of India and today it is the largest full democracy in the world.
Agriculture:
Before independence India was a country which relied heavily on agriculture. After independence this remained much the same, even today India ranks second worldwide in agricultural output. Agriculture and allied sectors like logging, forestry and fishing accounted for 18.6% of India’s GDP in 2005, employed 60% of the total workforce and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector in the country. Recently India has developed a rapidly growing agricultural biotech sector. According to a Rabobank report, the agri-biotech sector in India has been developing at an amazing 30 per cent since the last five years, and it is likely to sustain the growth in the future. India has massive potential in the agri-biotech sector with the possibility that the country will become a major grower of genetically modified rice and other genetically engineered crops. India has always been a major grower of cash crops such as tea, tobacco, coffee and spices while also being a world leader in exporting many varieties of fruit. Although India has developed many modern and innovative means of farming the agricultural sector in India remains synonymous with poverty. The majority of India’s farmers earn less than $2 (USD) per day growing rice on tiny family-owned plots.
Services:
The services sector employs 23% of the Indian workforce and began its rapid development in the 1980s, this is in comparison with approx.4.5% in the 1960s. The stimulus for the spurt in growth in the services sector came from two main areas: a substantial stepping up of public investment and also the emergence of a highly educated Indian workforce who were willing to work for far lower wages than their European counterparts. The services sector accounted for 63% of Indian GDP in 2008 and as per the Central Statistical Organisation this figure has continued to grow in 2010. Lead indicators suggest that the pace of expansion in the services sector activity is likely to be sustained even in the next financial year as foreign tourist arrivals along with the number of telecom subscribers is set to increase. A major area of development in the countries services sector has been the teleservices and information technology sectors. Many multinational firms have outsourced their teleservices and IT services to India as they are attracted by an English speaking, low wage, highly educated workforce. It is interesting to note that the rapid development of the services sector in India has had a direct connection to the industrialization of the country since independence.
So friend this is all about the india and thanks for readind.

St. thomas as representive of middle ages.

Hellow friend today we will read about the st. thomas as representive of middle ages.
 
The intellectual traditionof middle ages can be summarised as Scholasticism. It was a grand combinationof Philosophy and Theology.

 Aquinas was a follower of Scholasticism. However,
he gave prominence to Theology than Philosophy. He gave importance to religion,
which according to him was above every other concept. Therefore, Aquinas said
that in case of a conflict between the church and the state, the church should
win. According to Aquinas, Monarchy is the best form of government. However,
the monarch is bound by the laws of land as well as the divine law. He is not
above divine law. These were fundamental characteristics of the middle ages.
Concept of Nature: Aquinas was of the opinion that there is a higher
nature beyond this worldly nature. He differed from Aristotle in this respect. For
Aristotle, this world was final and definite. According to Aquinas, this world is
only superficial and only a passing stage of the life of man.
Nature of man: Aquinas followed the Aristotelian principle that man is a
social animal. Man cannot live without a society around him. Therefore, the state
is something natural to man. It is embedded in his nature. It is not something
artificial. He did not follow the idea that state is the result of fall of man because of his sins.
Nature of Society: The ultimate objective of the state is good life through
co existence and mutual help and service. His idea was similar to the Aristotelian
concept of the purpose of State. The purpose of the State is promotion of good life
and happiness. But there was a fundamental difference between Aristotle and St.
Thomas Aquinas in this respect. Aristotle based his idea on a society which is
purely secular in nature. But according to Thomas Aquinas, the society is one in
which both the secular and spiritual authorities co existed sided by side. That was the need of the times of Aquinas.
Nature of State: Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that man is a social animal.
Man became perfect in the state. The world is not created because of Man’s sin. It
was not created when Man was sent out of the Garden of Eden87. The state is not
the product of human sin. But it is a positive product. It is the embodiment88 of
Reason. The state is necessary to provide the conditions of good life. While saying
this, Aquinas also says that the Church also is necessary to secure the eternal
good89. He says that the Church is the highest human institution. It is not the
rival of the state. But, the Church is the completion and perfection of the State.
The ultimate purpose of the State is to help people to lead a happy and good life.
The state makes them moral in that way. It makes men virtuous. The state was
not a necessary evil the purpose of the State is not just maintenance of law and
order. It is something beyond that. It is a great social organisation which covers
all aspects of life. However, according to St. Thomas Aquinas, the Church is superior to the State.
Classification of Government: Aquinas did not consider any form of
government as truly and absolutely good. It depends on the functions it perform.
It is the question of the level of virtue and goodness promoted by the rule. In the
classification of governments, Aquinas followed Aristotle. He believed in the
normal forms of Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy and their perverted forms.
Functions of Governments: According to Aquinas, a good government is
the one which promotes goodness, happiness and virtue of the people. It must
provide the people with good administration, promote justice, provide good amenities for the citizen and protect the people. The ultimate objective of
government is the promotion of moral welfare of the people. The following is an
enlistment of the functions of a good government as according to St. Thomas
Aquinas: 1. Promote unity. 2. Promote common goodness instead of individual
goodness. 3. To remove hindrances to good life of the citizens. 4. Look after the
poor. 5. Promote right living and virtuous life 6. Promote peace and happiness
and the conditions for the same. 7. Protection and defense of the citizens. 8.
Maintenance of civic amenities like roads and bridges. 9. Maintain a just tax
regime 10. Introduce and maintain a sound system of coinage, weightage and
measures. 11. To reward and promote those who do good.

Concept of Sovereignty: Aquinas’s concept of sovereignty is worth special
mention because he gave importance to the people. He said that from a political
angle of view, the source of sovereignty is the people from the theological point of
view, the source of sovereignty is nothing but God. According to him, sovereignty is indivisible. It is the source of positive law. A sovereign cannot give a bad law.

Concept of supremacy of the Church: According to St. Thomas Aquinas,
the state and the church should work in co operation with each other. However,
the church is supreme over the state. The church has authority in spiritual
matters also while the state has authority only in worldly matters. In the event of
a conflict between the church and the state, the former must prevail. The church
can even excommunicate a prince. The state must work under the guidance of
the church. However, this authority is quite indirect rather than direct. The
interference of the church in the matters of the state should be the minimum.
The ruler is subject to the authority of the State only to a limited extent.
Concept of Faith and Reason: According to Aquinas, faith and reason are
equally important. Both these powers emanate from God. Therefore they are
divine. But out of the two faith is more important. This concept of amalgamation
of both these antagonistic concepts into one is a great achievement of St. Thomas Aquinas.
So friend this is all about the St. thomas as representive of middle ages and thanks for reading.

What is the mdeieval political thought

Hellow friend today we will know about the mdeieval political thought in the world.

Medieval Political Thought means the Political thought which originated in
the medieval period. Medieval period means roughly from 5th century AD to 15th
century AD. In the medieval period in Europe, two political thinkers were well
known for their political philosophy. They were Thomas Aquinas (also known as
St. Thomas Aquinas) and Dante Alighieri.
In the medieval period in Europe, Christianity influenced the society.
It influenced political thought also. There was no freedom of thinking. All
thoughts and actions should be according to the teachings of the Church.
Religion influenced normal secular74 life. In fact, it was not the religion which
influenced the thoughts of people. But, it was the religious leaders who
influenced people. They influenced the people for their own benefit, and for the
benefit of the Church. They influenced people to protect the position and wealth
of the Church. In the name of God and religion, they influenced the general
public. They said that the Church will decide everything regarding their body as
well as spirit75. The Church wanted to influence all aspects of life of people.
According to them everything including arts, literature and Political Thought
should be according to the Bible. But the Holy Bible is not about arts or
literature or Political Thought. Then the Church leaders said that they will guide
the people according to the Bible. They interpreted76 the Bible to increase their
wealth and power and to influence people. They guided the people according to their wishes, whims and fancies77.
The Secularists were against this. They said that God had given the
freedom to all people. It is the freedom to choose between good or bad. It should
not be under the influence or fear of church people. Man must use his freedom to
understand the truth. They said that God does not want the help of Church
people. Secularists wanted freedom of thought. They said that the Church should
look after only the matters of spirit. They said that the King should look after
worldly matter. Thus, there were a conflict between the Secularists78 and the Church. The life of ordinary people became very bad. St. Thomas Aquinas and
Dante Alighieri lived during this period of conflict between the Church and
Secular people. They wanted to separate religion from politics. The important features of the period can be summarised as follows:-

1. Institution of Monarchy: Monarchy was considered as the best form of
government. Divine origin of kingship was generally accepted. King was
considered as the agent of God on earth. A Monarch could be
hereditary, elected or nominated by the grace of God.

2. Spread of Universalism: Universalism was preached during this period.
People believed in the existence of a universal society. The fundamental
feature of Universalism is the belief and faith in the spiritual salvation of
human kind as a whole.

3. Co existence of temporal and spiritual authorities: Both temporal and
spiritual authorities co existed. Emperor was a worldly agent and the
Pope was considered as a spiritual agent. Both of them co existed with
certain level of competition as well as co operation. Both were
considered as un avoidable for the society.

4. Scholasticism and the study of Pre Christian values: Pre-Christian
concepts like Aristotelianism were studied by scholars. The clout of
Papacy increased considerably.

5. Competition of Church and the empire: During this period, the
Christian Church increased its influence in the society and it became
something parallel to the Monarchy wielding almost equal powers if not
more. The church considered themselves as superior as the Pope was
considered as the representative of God on earth. He could use his
power to excommunicate the king also. On the other side, the King
considered himself as the representative of God on earth having power to rule.

6. Source of Law: In the middle ages, the Law was something personal and
habitual. It was never national or territorial. Nobody knew the origin of
law. Everybody accepted it as it is. Nobody questioned it. They were
considered permanent and eternal.

7. Absence of the concept of sovereignty: There was no concept of
Sovereignty in the middle ages. People followed the moral order. Church
authority and the authority of the king co existed. Both these checked
each other. There were no concept of a sovereign authority which was
supreme in internal or external matters.

So friends this is all about the medieval political thought and thanks for reading.